Metabolic

A clinical naturopathic guide to MCAS — covering diagnostic criteria, mediator biology, symptom spectrum including POTS overlap, long-COVID association, and evidence-based management with low-histamine diet, DAO support, quercetin, luteolin, PEA, and vitamin C.

A clinician-facing guide to interpreting the GI-MAP stool test — covering DNA-based methodology, key marker panels (H. pylori, parasites, commensals, opportunistic bacteria, intestinal health markers), naturopathic treatment implications per finding, and when to retest.

A complete naturopathic reference covering one-carbon metabolism, MTHFR variants, homocysteine pathophysiology, clinical testing, and evidence-based nutritional support for methylation dysfunction.

A clinical naturopathic guide to polycystic ovary syndrome — covering PCOS pathophysiology, Rotterdam criteria, phenotype mapping, functional testing, and evidence-ranked interventions including inositol, berberine, NAC, spearmint, low-GI diet, and resistance training.

A practitioner-grade guide to DUTCH test hormone testing — what it measures, how to read oestrogen metabolism pathways, cortisol curves, and melatonin markers, plus ordering in Australia and clinical applications.

A clinician-facing guide to the Organic Acids Test (OAT) — covering urine metabolomics methodology, key marker categories (gut dysbiosis, mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter metabolism, nutrient cofactors, detoxification, oxalates), how to order in Australia, and clinical workflow integration.

A clinical naturopathic guide to estrogen dominance — covering the oestrogen:progesterone ratio imbalance, Phase 1/2 liver detoxification pathways, the oestrobolome, xenoestrogen exposure, and evidence-ranked dietary, herbal, and lifestyle protocols.

MTHFR gene variants, their effect on methylation capacity, homocysteine metabolism, folate pathways, and evidence-based naturopathic interventions including methylfolate, B12, and dietary support.

An evidence-based naturopathic guide to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) — covering the three SIBO subtypes, lactulose breath testing protocols, herbal antimicrobials, elemental diets, rifaximin, and long-term relapse prevention for Australian patients.

Retatrutide adds glucagon receptor agonism to the GLP-1R and GIPR dual agonist framework, producing Phase 2 weight loss data of approximately 24% at 48 weeks. This article covers why glucagon receptor activation — counterintuitive for a metabolic compound — contributes to fat loss through thermogenesis and hepatic lipid clearance.

Insulin resistance is the central defect in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, driven by ectopic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory signalling, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This review covers the molecular mechanisms and the peptide and metabolic interventions that target them.

GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate significant reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) across multiple large randomised trials. This review examines the LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, and SELECT trial data and the proposed mechanisms behind cardiovascular protection.

Tirzepatide co-activates GLP-1R and GIPR simultaneously, producing weight loss and glycaemic outcomes that exceed GLP-1 monotherapy. The GIP contribution is paradoxical — GIPR agonism and antagonism both appear to reduce body weight — and this article covers the current mechanistic explanation and the central GIP receptor hypothesis.

Semaglutide's once-weekly dosing and exceptional weight loss outcomes stem from two engineering decisions: DPP-IV-resistant amino acid substitution and C18 fatty diacid acylation enabling albumin binding. This article covers the half-life extension chemistry and the defended body weight setpoint biology that explains the STEP trial outcomes.

GLP-1 receptor agonists produce weight loss and glycaemic control through three concurrent mechanisms: glucose-dependent insulin secretion, gastric emptying delay, and central appetite suppression via hypothalamic GLP-1 receptors. This article covers all three and why their combination is pharmacologically unique.