Bioregulators

Cortexin is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide preparation extracted from cerebral cortex, used clinically in Russia for brain ischaemia and cognitive disorders. This overview covers its composition, proposed neuroprotective mechanisms, the clinical and animal evidence, and an honest account of its evidence quality.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is the synthetic pineal bioregulator at the centre of Khavinson's telomerase and longevity research. This overview separates Epitalon from the epithalamin extract, examines the human telomere data, animal lifespan studies, and elderly geroprotector trials, and gives an honest account of the evidence quality.

Pinealon is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR), a Khavinson neuro-bioregulator studied for antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in cell and animal models. This overview covers its structure, proposed gene-expression mechanism, the preclinical evidence, and an honest account of its limitations.

Vilon (KE dipeptide) and Livagen (KEDA tetrapeptide) are Khavinson short-peptide bioregulators studied for immune and liver tissue-specific gene expression modulation.

A practitioner-focused review of epithalon telomere research: the mechanisms proposed by Vladimir Khavinson, what the published animal and human studies actually demonstrate, and how integrative clinicians contextualise this pineal-derived tetrapeptide.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from epithalamin that activates telomerase, extends telomere length in cell culture models, and modulates pineal melatonin secretion. This article covers the telomere shortening biology, the Khavinson research program, and what the preclinical data shows about cellular ageing mechanisms.

Peptide bioregulators are short di- to tetrapeptides derived from tissue extracts that modulate gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. This overview covers the Khavinson research program, the proposed chromatin interaction mechanism, and the evidence base for the major bioregulator peptides across thymus, pineal, vascular, and connective tissue targets.

Thymalin and thymosin alpha-1 are thymus-derived peptides with complementary roles in immune reconstitution and T-cell maturation. This review examines their mechanisms, preclinical longevity data, and clinical evidence in immunodeficiency contexts.

Semax is a heptapeptide analogue of the ACTH 4-10 fragment that increases BDNF and NGF expression in the CNS, modulates dopamine and serotonin systems, and produces nootropic and neuroprotective effects in rodent and early human research. This article covers the receptor pharmacology and what the BDNF induction mechanism means for cognitive function.

Selank is a synthetic analogue of the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin that produces anxiolytic effects through GABA-A modulation, enkephalin stabilisation, and BDNF upregulation. This article covers each mechanism and what distinguishes Selank's pharmacological profile from benzodiazepine and SSRI approaches to anxiety.